Pop-up promotions experienced a remarkable surge in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly easy way for companies to reach a large audience. Driven by their immediate visibility, these intrusive windows became ubiquitous across the online world, generating substantial earn

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis investigates the diverse tactics employed by fraudsters and reveals their consequences on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By contrasting various deceptive practice